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1.
Robert A. Montgomery Kendi Borona Herbert Kasozi Tutilo Mudumba Mordecai Ogada 《Conservation biology》2020,34(5):1122-1130
Conservation projects subscribing to a community-based paradigm have predominated in the 21st century. We examined the context in which the phrase was coined and traced its growth over time. Community-based conservation first appeared in the literature in the early 1990s; but grew little until after the 5th World Parks Congress in 2003. Thereafter, publications describing community-based conservation approaches increased exponentially. The conference theme was Benefits Beyond Boundaries, and its goal was to provide an economic model based on revenue accrued from conservation fundraising and ecotourism to support ecosystems, wildlife, and people, particularly in the Global South. Such models tended not to incorporate, as a core principle, the heritage of local human communities. Human heritage varies substantially over time and space making generalization of conservation principles across scales challenging. Pitfalls that have grown out of the community-based conservation approaches in the Global South include fortress conservation, conservation militarism, consumptive and nonconsumptive ecotourism, and whiz-bang solutions. We propose 10 tenets in a human heritage-centered conservation framework (e.g., engage in conservation practices using local languages, thoughtfully propose and apply solutions consistent with human heritage, provide clear professional development pathways for individuals from local communities, and promote alternative revenue-generating programs centered in local communities, among others). Progressive philosophies can derive from authentic and ethical integration of local communities in conservation practice. 相似文献
2.
The periodicity of fires in larch forests of Evenkia and their relationship with landscape elements have been studied. Cross-sections with “burns” in them caused by past fires have been analyzed in 72 test plots; the fire chronology encompassed the period from the 15th to the 20th century. The between-fire intervals (BFIs) have been calculated by two methods: (I) on the basis of burns alone and (II) on the basis of burns and the start of growth of the new generation of larch after the earliest fire. The BFI depends on local orographic features; it is 86 ± 11 (105 ± 12), 61 ± 8 (73 ± 8), 139 ± 17 (138 ± 18), and 68 ± 14 (70 ± 13) years for northeastern slopes, southwestern slopes, bogs, and flatlands, respectively. The mean BFIs calculated by methods I and II are 82 ± 7 and 95 ± 7 years, respectively. The permafrost horizon rises at a mean rate of 0.3 cm per year after a forest fire. It has been shown that the number of fires regularly peaks at periods of 36 and 82 years. There is also a temporal trend in fire frequency: the mean BFI was approximately 100 years in the 19th century and 65 years in the 20th century. 相似文献
3.
阐述了开展工业区群环境影响评价的意义,比较了单个工业园区和工业区群环评的异同,以广州番禺区工业区群环评项目为例,简述了该环评的主要内容和特点,并提出了建议。 相似文献
4.
本文在分析世界博览会发展过程的基础上,阐述了2010年上海世博会对上海乃至长江三角洲都市圈联动发展的机遇和挑战,并提出了长江三角洲都市圈空间整合与联动发展的战略措施。 相似文献
5.
Evolution of a Mediterranean Coastal Zone: Human Impacts on the Marine Environment of Cape Creus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study presents an integrated analysis of the evolution of the marine environment and the human uses in Cape Creus, a
Mediterranean coastal area where intense commercial fisheries and recreational uses have coexisted over the last fifty years.
The investigation synthesizes the documented impacts of human activities on the marine environment of Cap de Creus and integrates
them with new data. In particular, the evolution of vulnerable, exploited species is used to evaluate the fishing impacts.
The effects of area protection through the establishment of a marine reserve in the late 1990s and the potential climate change
impacts are also considered. The evolution of the human uses is marked by the increasing socioeconomic importance of recreational
activities (which affect species and habitats) in detriment to artisanal and red coral fisheries (which principally affect
at a species level). Overall, populations of sedentary, vulnerable exploited species, hard sessile benthic invertebrates,
and ecologically fragile habitats, such as seagrass meadows, the coralligenous and infralittoral algal assemblages have been
the most negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities. Albeit human uses currently constitute the largest negative impact
on the marine environment of Cap de Creus, climate change is emerging as a key factor that could have considerable implications
for the marine environment and tourism activities. The establishment of the marine reserve appears to have had little socioeconomic
impact, but there is some evidence that it had some positive biological effects on sedentary, littoral fishes. Results demonstrate
that the declaration of a marine reserve alone does not guarantee the sustainability of marine resources and habitats but
should be accompanied with an integrated coastal management plan. 相似文献
6.
7.
降水空间异质性对非点源关键源区识别面积变化的影响 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
针对地形起伏和降水空间差异较大的农业区非点源污染问题,基于SWAT模型评估了阿什河流域在异质性降水和均匀降水两种情景下总氮、总磷关键源区空间变化规律,统计了两种情景下识别的关键源区面积变化,并分析其与降水特征参数的关系.结果表明,降水量一定时,两种情景下识别的总氮、总磷关键源区面积变化趋势大致相同,且总磷关键源区面积不易受降水空间异质性的影响,但总氮关键源区面积却明显受到其影响.对各年份总氮和总磷关键源区面积与降水特征参数的相关分析表明,总磷关键源区面积与当年降水量呈显著正相关,而总氮关键源区面积却与前一年降水量呈显著正相关.研究结果对进一步探讨降水这一重要驱动因子的不确定性对非点源污染关键源区的影响,以及农业非点源污染的治理具有重要意义. 相似文献
8.
滇黔桂岩溶区河漫滩土壤重金属含量、来源及潜在生态风险 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用全国地球化学基准计划在滇黔桂岩溶区35个点位采集的70件河漫滩表、深层土壤样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属元素含量特征,探究了重金属来源、污染状况及潜在生态风险.结果表明,8种重金属元素含量大部分均高于全国土壤背景值,在滇东南地区含量最高,桂西北地区最低.表层土壤Cd、Hg明显富集,As、Cr、Cu、Ni与深层土壤含量相当;As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn在农田、菜地中明显高于深层土壤,Cr、Cu和Ni在各类土地中与深层土壤相当.因子分析结果显示,表层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni受地质背景控制,As、Pb、Zn既与地质背景有关,也受人为活动影响,Hg受人为活动影响较严重;深层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn继承了区域母岩特征,As、Hg和Pb受地质背景和人为活动双重影响.地累积指数法和富集因子法污染评价结果表明,研究区河漫滩表层土壤中Cd、Hg污染较重,As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn大部分为轻度污染或无污染.各重金属潜在生态风险指数高低顺序依次为Hg > Cd > As > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn,Cd和Hg的生态风险指数之和占综合指数的82.43%,生态风险最高;滇东南地区重金属潜在风险综合指数最高,具重度生态风险. 相似文献
9.
基于能值理论的农田—畜禽生产系统可持续动态 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了解我国东南丘陵山区农业生产动态及其可持续性,以福建典型山区德化县为例,构建废弃物能值比例、环境污染能值负产出等指标,运用能值理论定量分析德化县2007—2016年农田—畜禽生产系统投入产出、环境负荷及可持续性的变化。结果表明:德化县农田—畜禽生产系统能值投入以购买能值为主,占能值总投入的68%~79%,水资源能值约占21%~31%;畜禽子系统能值产出占72%以上;能值密度在2.68×1012~3.33×1012 sej·m-2之间波动上升,净能值产出率下降40%,环境负荷明显加重,2015年以来有所减轻;可持续发展指数在2007—2010年短暂上升后快速下降,由1.14降至0.42。从构建的指标来看,系统废弃物能值比例有所下降,环境污染能值产出减少约22%,综合经济效益和废弃物利用情况,近年来可持续发展状况逐渐好转。德化县目前正处于农田—畜禽系统产出结构调整期,应增加系统内部反馈能值用量,控制化肥、饲料投入,提高废弃物利用率,以实现可持续发展。 相似文献
10.
乡村振兴视域下农村土地利用利益相关者分析 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
乡村振兴的实施使得农村土地利用与管理面临更多的挑战。应用利益相关者分析、博弈均衡分析和实证案例分析,探讨乡村振兴视域下土地利用各利益相关者的关系演变。研究结果显示:(1)1949年至今,农村地区土地利用利益相关者主体数量增加,博弈关系呈现复杂化、多样化和多向化;(2)乡村振兴时期主要有六种博弈关系,并探讨了案例村实施下山脱贫、发展乡村旅游、新型经营主体进驻、城市居民促进农村发展四种博弈决策过程;(3)乡村振兴视域下,农村地区发展应关注基础设施配套、土地利用效率与生态环境协调、农户生计可持续性等问题。乡村振兴中应注重实现土地利用各利益相关者的最优均衡,降低各方风险,保护生态环境并寻求多方利益平衡。 相似文献